Cold Ablation Robot-Guided Laser Osteotome (CARLO(R)): From Bench to Bedside

Background: In order to overcome the geometrical and physical limitations of conventional rotating and piezosurgery instruments used to perform bone osteotomies, as well as the difficulties in translating digital planning to the operating room, a stand-alone robot-guided laser system has been developed by Advanced Osteotomy Tools, a Swiss start-up company. We present our experiences of the first-in-man use of the Cold Ablation Robot-guided Laser Osteotome (CARLO(R)). Methods: The CARLO(R) device employs a stand-alone 2.94-mu m erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser mounted on a robotic arm. A 19-year-old patient provided informed consent to undergo bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. A linear Le Fort I midface osteotomy was digitally planned and transferred to the CARLO(R) device. The linear part of the Le Fort I osteotomy was performed autonomously by the CARLO(R) device under direct visual control. All pre-, intra-, and postoperative technical difficulties and safety issues were documented. Accuracy was analyzed by superimposing pre- and postoperative computed tomography images. Results: The CARLO(R) device performed the linear osteotomy without any technical or safety issues. There was a maximum difference of 0.8 mm between the planned and performed osteotomies, with a root-mean-square error of 1.0 mm. The patient showed normal postoperative healing with no complications. Conclusion: The newly developed stand-alone CARLO(R) device could be a useful alternative to conventional burs, drills, and piezosurgery instruments for performing osteotomies. However, the technical workflow concerning the positioning and fixation of the target marker and the implementation of active depth control still need to be improved. Further research to assess safety and accuracy is also necessary, especially at osteotomy sites where direct visual control is not possible. Finally, cost-effectiveness analysis comparing the use of the CARLO(R) device with gold-standard surgery protocols will help to define the role of the CARLO(R) device in the surgical landscape.

Automated summary

The CARLO(R) device performed linear osteotomies accurately and safely, with no complications in postoperative healing seen in the patient. However, further improvements are needed in the technical workflow, particularly in target marker positioning and depth control. More research is necessary to assess safety and accuracy, especially in osteotomy sites where direct visual control is not possible.