Journal
FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
Volume 11, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.591819
Keywords
biosynthesis of oxidized lipids; lipoxygenase (LOX); cyclooxygenase (COX); cytochrome P450; aldo-keto reductase (AKR); oxylipins; oxidized phospholipids; sterols and steroid hormones
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Funding
- Kuwait University
- Kuwait Cultural Office (KCO) in London
- UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) [BB/N015932/1, BB/L001942/1]
- Barts Charity
- Royal SocietyWolfson Merit Award
- Wellcome Trust [203014/Z/16/Z]
- Wellcome Trust [203014/Z/16/Z] Funding Source: Wellcome Trust
- BBSRC [BB/L001942/1, BB/N015932/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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Enzymatically oxidized lipids are a specific group of biomolecules that function as key signaling mediators and hormones, regulating various cellular and physiological processes from metabolism and cell death to inflammation and the immune response. They are broadly categorized as either polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) containing (free acid oxygenated PUFA oxylipins, endocannabinoids, oxidized phospholipids) or cholesterol derivatives (oxysterols, steroid hormones, and bile acids). Their biosynthesis is accomplished by families of enzymes that include lipoxygenases (LOX), cyclooxygenases (COX), cytochrome P450s (CYP), and aldo-keto reductases (AKR). In contrast, non-enzymatically oxidized lipids are produced by uncontrolled oxidation and are broadly considered to be harmful. Here, we provide an overview of the biochemistry and enzymology of LOXs, COXs, CYPs, and AKRs in humans. Next, we present biosynthetic pathways for oxylipins, oxidized phospholipids, oxysterols, bile acids and steroid hormones. Last, we address gaps in knowledge and suggest directions for future work.
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