Journal
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
Volume 8, Issue 47, Pages 17417-17426Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c05610
Keywords
phosphorus vanillin; biomass; interpenetrating network; flame-retardant adhesives; high performance
Categories
Funding
- Ontario Centre of Excellence (OCE)
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) VIA-Agri Project [25294]
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) CRD project [498926]
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A novel chemical architecture, vanillin-based phosphorus-containing flame-retardant building block (VP), was successfully synthesized as a sustainable platform biomolecule to be converted into fire-retardant epoxy (VPE) and polyurethane (VPU) resins for application as environmentally friendly adhesives. Structural characterizations confirmed the successful functionalization through their molecular structures. A series of VPU and VPE blends were prepared that showed excellent dry and wet bonding strengths and superior self-extinguishing flame retardancy. The highest bonding strengths, the maximum LOI value, and the lowest heat release rate in cone calorimetry tests were achieved by the VPE/VPU (80:20) blend due to the strong synergistic interpenetrating networks formed between the epoxy and PU macromolecules. The GC-MS analysis of the char residues indicated that the mechanisms for flame retardancy were a combination of the quenching effect from the phosphorus-containing free radicals and the diluting effect of the nonflammable gases in the gas phase, plus the formation of phosphorus-rich char layers in the condensed phase. This study showcased a highly promising approach to develop environmentally friendly high-performance flame-retardant chemicals using nontoxic vanillin as the starting material.
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