Journal
WATER
Volume 13, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/w13020183
Keywords
produced water; water quality; hydraulic fracturing; analytical methods; treatment; reuse
Categories
Funding
- New Mexico ProducedWater Research Consortium
- PESCO Endowed Professorship
- C. Herb Ward Family Endowed Professorship
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Produced water is the largest waste stream associated with oil and gas production, with a complex matrix of constituents; characterizing produced water is critical, but current analytical methods face challenges; there is a need to develop advanced analytical methods to address these challenges.
Produced water is the largest waste stream associated with oil and gas production. It has a complex matrix composed of native constituents from geologic formation, chemical additives from fracturing fluids, and ubiquitous bacteria. Characterization of produced water is critical to monitor field operation, control processes, evaluate appropriate management practices and treatment effectiveness, and assess potential risks to public health and environment during the use of treated water. There is a limited understanding of produced water composition due to the inherent complexity and lack of reliable and standardized analytical methods. A comprehensive description of current analytical techniques for produced water characterization, including both standard and research methods, is discussed in this review. Multi-tiered analytical procedures are proposed, including field sampling; sample preservation; pretreatment techniques; basic water quality measurements; organic, inorganic, and radioactive materials analysis; and biological characterization. The challenges, knowledge gaps, and research needs for developing advanced analytical methods for produced water characterization, including target and nontarget analyses of unknown chemicals, are discussed.
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