Journal
VIRULENCE
Volume 12, Issue 1, Pages 195-216Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1869441
Keywords
Gram-positive; gram-negative; bacterial infection; lipid rafts; cholesterols; lipid droplet; invasion; intracellular survival; bacterial toxin; therapeutics; extracellular bacteria; immunomodulation; bacterial clearance; proinflammatory; anti-inflammatory; sphingolipids; signaling; virulence
Categories
Funding
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology
- Department of Science and Technology (DST), Ministry of Science and Technology
- DAE
- ASTRA Chair Professorship funds
- CSIR-SRF fellowship
- Shamrao M. Kaikini and Krishna S. Kaikini fellowship
- IISc fellowship
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Lipids play diverse and complex roles in cellular processes and are crucial in bacterial infections, where pathogens can utilize host lipids for successful infection. However, certain host lipids, especially sphingolipids, have been shown to have antibacterial properties.
Lipids are complex organic compounds made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. These play a diverse and intricate role in cellular processes like membrane trafficking, protein sorting, signal transduction, and bacterial infections. Both Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus sp., Listeria monocytogenes, etc.) and Gram-negative bacteria (Chlamydia sp., Salmonella sp., E. coli, etc.) can hijack the various host-lipids and utilize them structurally as well as functionally to mount a successful infection. The pathogens can deploy with various arsenals to exploit host membrane lipids and lipid-associated receptors as an attachment for toxins' landing or facilitate their entry into the host cellular niche. Bacterial species like Mycobacterium sp. can also modulate the host lipid metabolism to fetch its carbon source from the host. The sequential conversion of host membrane lipids into arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 due to increased activity of cPLA-2 and COX-2 upon bacterial infection creates immunosuppressive conditions and facilitates the intracellular growth and proliferation of bacteria. However, lipids' more debatable role is that they can also be a blessing in disguise. Certain host-lipids, especially sphingolipids, have been shown to play a crucial antibacterial role and help the host in combating the infections. This review shed light on the detailed role of host lipids in bacterial infections and the current understanding of the lipid in therapeutics. We have also discussed potential prospects and the need of the hour to help us cope in this race against deadly pathogens and their rapidly evolving stealthy virulence strategies.
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