Journal
ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY
Volume 41, Issue 6, Pages 693-697Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/een.12344
Keywords
Neonicotinoids; parasitoid; sex allocation; sex ratio; superparasitism
Categories
Funding
- Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) [NE/J024481/1]
- University of Stirling Impact Fellowship
- Natural Environment Research Council [NE/J024481/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- NERC [NE/J024481/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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1. Neonicotinoid insecticides are potent neurotoxins of significant economic importance. However, it is clear that their use can adversely impact beneficial insects in the environment, even at low, sub-lethal doses. 2. It has recently been shown that the neonicotinoid imidacloprid disrupts adaptive sex allocation in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) by limiting their ability to respond to the presence of other females on oviposition patches. In the present study, that work was extended to explore whether sex allocation when superparasitising - laying eggs on a host that has already been parasitised - is also disrupted by imidacloprid. 3. Under superparasitism, sex allocation theory predicts that females should vary their offspring sex ratio in relation to their relative clutch size. It was found that sex allocation under superparasitism in Nasonia is disrupted in a dose-dependent manner, with exposed females producing more daughters. 4. Importantly, imidacloprid does not appear to influence the ability of females to estimate the number of eggs already present on a host, suggesting a disassociation between the sex ratio and clutch size cues. 5. The present work highlights the fitness costs to beneficial insects of exposure to neonicotinoids, but also provides clues as to how female Nasonia use information when allocating sex.
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