Journal
ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS
Volume 11, Issue 1, Pages -Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202002704
Keywords
anodes; commercialization; full cells; hard carbon; sodium‐ ion batteries
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Funding
- Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) Project [G00849]
- Australian Research Council (ARC) [DE170100928, DP160102627]
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Hard carbon is recognized as a promising anode material for alkali metal-ion batteries, particularly showing outstanding performance in sodium-ion batteries, with in-depth research and commercial prototype demonstration. Challenges and research perspectives for future development and early commercialization of HC-based sodium-ion batteries are also discussed comprehensively.
Hard carbon (HC) is recognized as a promising anode material with outstanding electrochemical performance for alkali metal-ion batteries including lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as well as their analogs sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). Herein, a comprehensive review of the recent research is presented to interpret the challenges and opportunities for the applications of HC anodes. The ion storage mechanisms, materials design, and electrolyte optimizations for alkali metal-ion batteries are illustrated in-depth. HC is particularly promising as an anode material for SIBs. The solid-electrolyte interphase, initial Coulombic efficiency, safety concerns, and all-climate performances, which are vital for practical applications, are comprehensively discussed. Furthermore, commercial prototypes of SIBs based on HC anodes are extensively elaborated. The remaining challenges and research perspectives are provided, aiming to shed light on future research and early commercialization of HC-based SIBs.
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