BRAFV595E Mutation Associates CCL17 Expression and Regulatory T Cell Recruitment in Urothelial Carcinoma of Dogs

Regulatory T cells may serve as targets in cancer immunotherapy. A previous study showed that the chemokine CCL17 and the receptor CCR4 play roles in regulatory T cell recruitment in canine urothelial carcinoma. In this article, we show that the BRAF(V595E) mutation is associated with tumor-produced CCL17 and regulatory T cell infiltration in dogs with urothelial carcinoma. In comparison with healthy dogs, dogs with urothelial carcinoma showed increased CCL17 mRNA expression in the bladder and elevated CCL17 protein concentration in urine. Immunohistochemistry showed increased levels of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in the tumor tissues of urothelial carcinoma. The density of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells was positively correlated with CCL17 concentration in urine, indicating that CCL17 is involved in regulatory T cell recruitment. Moreover, tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells and urine CCL17 concentration were associated with poor prognosis in dogs with urothelial carcinoma. The number of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells, CCL17 mRNA expression, and urine CCL17 concentration in cases with BRAF(V595E) mutation were higher than those in cases with wild-type BRAF. In vitro, high CCL17 production was detected in a canine urothelial carcinoma cell line with BRAF(V595E) mutation but not in an urothelial carcinoma cell line with wild-type BRAF. Dabrafenib, a BRAF inhibitor, decreased CCL17 production in the cell line with BRAF(V595E) mutation. These results suggest that BRAF(V595E) mutation induced CCL17 production and contributed to regulatory T cell recruitment in canine urothelial carcinoma.

Automated summary

Regulatory T cells recruitment in canine urothelial carcinoma is associated with the BRAF(V595E) mutation and tumor-produced CCL17. Elevated CCL17 mRNA expression in bladder and increased CCL17 protein concentration in urine were found in dogs with urothelial carcinoma. The presence of higher levels of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells and urine CCL17 concentration were correlated with a poor prognosis in these dogs.