Costs of Immunization Programs for 10 Vaccines in 94 Low- and Middle-Income Countries From 2011 to 2030

Objectives: Understanding the level of investment needed for the 2021-2030 decade is important as the global community faces the next strategic period for vaccines and immunization programs. To assist with this goal, we estimated the aggregate costs of immunization programs for ten vaccines in 94 lowand middle-income countries from 2011 to 2030. Method: We calculated vaccine, immunization delivery and stockpile costs for 94 lowand middle-income countries leveraging the latest available data sources. We conducted scenario analyses to vary assumptions about the relationship between delivery cost and coverage as well as vaccine prices for fully self-financing countries. Results: The total aggregate cost of immunization programs in 94 countries for 10 vaccines from 2011 to 2030 is $70.8 billion (confidence interval: $56.6-$93.3) under the base case scenario and $84.1 billion ($72.8-$102.7) under an incremental delivery cost scenario, with an increasing trend over two decades. The relative proportion of vaccine and delivery costs for pneumococcal conjugate, human papillomavirus, and rotavirus vaccines increase as more countries introduce these vaccines. Nine countries in accelerated transition phase bear the highest burden of the costs in the next decade, and uncertainty with vaccine prices for the 17 fully self-financing countries could lead to total costs that are 1.3-13.1 times higher than the base case scenario. Conclusion: Resource mobilization efforts at the global and country levels will be needed to reach the level of investment needed for the coming decade. Global-level initiatives and targeted strategies for transitioning countries will help ensure the sustainability of immunization programs.

Automated summary

From 2011 to 2030, the total aggregate cost of immunization programs for ten vaccines in 94 low- and middle-income countries is estimated to be between $70.8 billion and $84.1 billion, with costs increasing over the two decades. The relative proportion of vaccine and delivery costs for certain vaccines like pneumococcal conjugate, human papillomavirus, and rotavirus vaccines is expected to increase as more countries introduce these vaccines. Moreover, uncertainty in vaccine prices for some self-financing countries could lead to total costs that are significantly higher than the base case scenario.