Examining Natural History through the Lens of Palaeogenomics

The many high-resolution tools that are uniquely applicable to specimens from the Quaternary period (the past similar to 2.5 Ma) provide an opportunity to cross-validate data and test hypotheses based on the morphology and distribution of fossils. Among these tools is palaeogenomics - the genome-scale sequencing of genetic material from ancient specimens - that can provide direct insight into ecology and evolution, potentially improving the accuracy of inferences about past ecological communities over longer timescales. Palaeogenomics has revealed instances of overand underestimation of extinct diversity, detected cryptic faunal migration and turnover, allowed quantification of widespread sex biases and sexual dimorphism in the fossil record, revealed past hybridisation events and hybrid individuals, and has highlighted previously unrecognised routes of zoonotic disease transfer.

Automated summary

Palaeogenomics, a high-resolution tool, reveals instances of both over- and underestimation of extinct diversity, detects cryptic faunal migration and turnover, allows quantification of sex biases and sexual dimorphism in the fossil record, reveals past hybridisation events, and highlights previously unrecognized routes of zoonotic disease transfer.