Journal
TOXICON
Volume 188, Issue -, Pages 150-158Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.10.024
Keywords
Cobra venom; Naja naja; Naja kaouthia; Antivenom therapy; Proteomic analysis of Indian cobra venom; Clinical manifestations of cobra bite; Lethality of Indian cobra venom
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Funding
- Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology for Unit of Excellence in Biotechnology in NER of India [BT/412/NE/UExcel/2013]
- Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Govt. of India [IMRC/AISTDF/RD/P-3/2017]
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While snakebite is a severe problem for several countries throughout the world the Indian subcontinent has witnessed the highest global incidence of snakebite which represents an occupational health hazard. Belonging to the family Elapidae, the Indian spectacled cobra (Naja naja), is one of the members of the Big Four venomous snakes found throughout the Indian subcontinent. Indian monocled cobra Naja kaouthia is prevalent in eastern and north-eastern India as well as in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan. Species-specific and geographical differences in venom composition of two major Indian cobras (N. naja vs. N. kaouthia) may limit the effectiveness of antivenom treatment. Therefore, exploring the venom proteomes of N. naja and N. kaouthia from different geographical locales of the Indian subcontinent, and the effect of this variation on antivenom efficacy is warranted. Proteomic analyses have demonstrated that although eastern Indian N. naja and N. kaouthia venoms have similarities, species-specific and geographical variation is evident by differences in their venom toxicity values and pathobiological effects in experimental animals. This is the major reason as to why a polyvalent antivenom against N. naja venom exhibited only partial neutralization of enzymatic activity and immunological crossreactivity against cobra venoms from other regions of India. This suggests that addition of polyclonal antibodies against N. kaouthia venom to polyantivenom, or preparation/administration of region-specific polyantivenom will provide better treatment of cobra bites in the Indian subcontinent.
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