Journal
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Volume 771, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144743
Keywords
2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone; Fe-0-activated persulfate; Kinetics; Reaction pathways
Categories
Funding
- Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment of China [2018ZX07208001]
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [14380137]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [22076076, 21876082]
- King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [RSP-2020/95]
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In this study, 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1) was efficiently degraded using the Fe-0/PS system, with various parameters affecting the degradation efficiency investigated. The degradation of BP-1 in different water matrices was compared, and multiple potential degradation pathways were proposed based on the identification of oxidation products. The study also showed a decrease in toxicity of intermediates during the oxidation of BP-1.
2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1), a typically known derivative of the benzophenone-type UV filter, has been frequently detected in aqueous environments and poses a potential risk to human health and the entire ecosystem. In this study, an effective advanced oxidation technique using zero-valent iron powder (Fe-0)-activated persulfate (PS) was used for the degradation of BP-1. The effects of several experimental parameters, including Fe0 dosages, PS dosages, pH, and common natural water constituents, were systematically investigated. The BP-1 degradation efficiency was enhanced by increasing the Fe-0 and PS dosages and decreasing the solution pH. The presence of different concentrations of humic acid (HA) could inhibit BP-1 removal, while the addition of various cations and anions had different effects on the degradation. Moreover, the degradation of BP-1 in five water matrices was also compared, and the removal rates followed the order of ultrapure water > tap water > secondary clarifier effluent > river water > synthetic water. Thirteen oxidation products were identified by liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) analysis, and five possible degradation pathways were proposed. The addition reactions initiated by HO center dot and SO4 center dot(-), as well as single-electron coupling reactions and ring-closing reactions, were further supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Assessment of toxicity of intermediates of the oxidation of BP-1 suggested decreased toxicity from the parent contaminant. The present work illustrates that BP-1 could be efficiently degraded in the Fe-0/PS system, which may provide new insights into the removal of benzophenones in water and wastewater. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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