Differential effect of gender, marital status, religion, ethnicity, education and employment status on mental health during COVID-19 lockdown in Nigeria

We examine the differential effect of gender, marital status, ethnicity, religion, education and employment status on mental health indicators (successful coping, stress & self-esteem) during COVID-19 lockdown in Nigeria. Applying a cross sectional approach, we administered an anonymised online questionnaire to select 353 individuals (mean age = 34.84, SD = 11.19) from 17 April to 24 May 2020. Married individuals coped better, were less stressed and reported high self-esteem. Christians were less stressed and have high self-esteem. Yoruba ethnic group coped better and were high in self-esteem, while Igbo ethnic group was less stressed. Also, postgraduate degree holders coped well; secondary education holders were highly stressed; while first degree holders were high in self-esteem. Self-employed respondents successfully coped, while the unemployed were high in stress and low in self-esteem. Marital status and employment status directly and interactively affected overall mental health. Officially employed persons reported higher self-esteem and less stress. Married females, single males and self-employed males coped better, while self-employed singles recorded highest stress. No gender difference was observed in mental health indicators. The degree of differences in Nigerians' mental health indicators according to socio-demographics and the importance in improving mental health during and post COVID-19 pandemic are highlighted.

Automated summary

We examined the impact of gender, marital status, ethnicity, religion, education, and employment status on mental health indicators during the COVID-19 lockdown in Nigeria. Married individuals and Christians reported better mental health, while the Yoruba ethnic group demonstrated better coping skills and higher self-esteem. Postgraduate degree holders and self-employed respondents had better mental health, while individuals with secondary education and the unemployed experienced higher levels of stress and lower self-esteem. Marital status and employment status directly and interactively affected overall mental health. Officially employed individuals reported higher self-esteem and lower stress levels. No gender differences were observed in mental health indicators.