Metabolomics of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol: implications in toxicity

Cannabis sativa is the most commonly used recreational drug, Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC) being the main addictive compound. Biotransformation of cannabinoids is an important field of xenobiochemistry and toxicology and the study of the metabolism can lead to the discovery of new compounds, unknown metabolites with unique structures and new therapeutic effects. The pharmacokinetics of Delta(9)-THC is dependent on multiple factors such as physical/chemical form, route of administration, genetics, and concurrent consumption of alcohol. This review aims to discuss metabolomics of Delta(9)-THC, namely by presenting all known metabolites of Delta(9)-THC described both in vitro and in vivo, and their roles in the Delta(9)-THC-mediated toxic effects. Since medicinal use is increasing, metabolomics of Delta(9)-THC will also be discussed in order to uncover potential active metabolites that can be made available for this purpose.