Antibody diversification caused by disrupted mismatch repair and promiscuous DNA polymerases

The enzyme activation-induced deaminase (AID) targets the immunoglobulin loci in activated B cells and creates DNA mutations in the antigen-binding variable region and DNA breaks in the switch region through processes known, respectively, as somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination. AID deaminates cytosine to uracil in DNA to create a U:G mismatch. During somatic hypermutation, the MutS alpha complex binds to the mismatch, and the error-prone DNA polymerase eta generates mutations at A and T bases. During class switch recombination, both MutS alpha and MutL alpha complexes bind to the mismatch, resulting in double-strand break formation and end-joining. This review is centered on the mechanisms of how the MMR pathway is commandeered by B cells to generate antibody diversity. Published by Elsevier B.V.