Journal
MOLECULES
Volume 26, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020348
Keywords
hydrothermal conversion; ionic liquid catalyst; biomass; levulinic acid
Funding
- University Grants Commission (UGC), India
- Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India [SPARC/P1318]
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This study successfully synthesized Brønsted acidic ionic liquid catalysts for the conversion of glucose into levulinic acid, with [C(4)SO(3)HPhim][Cl] catalyst showing the highest activity.
Levulinic acid (LA) is an industrially important product that can be catalytically valorized into important value-added chemicals. In this study, hydrothermal conversion of glucose into levulinic acid was attempted using Bronsted acidic ionic liquid catalyst synthesized using 2-phenyl-2-imidazoline, and 2-phenyl-2-imidazoline-based ionic liquid catalyst used in this study was synthesized in the laboratory using different anions (NO3, H2PO4, and Cl) and characterized using H-1 NMR, TGA, and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques. The activity trend of the Bronsted acidic ionic liquid catalysts synthesized in the laboratory was found in the following order: [C(4)SO(3)HPhim][Cl] > [C(4)SO(3)HPhim][NO3] > [C(4)SO(3)HPhim][H2PO4]. A maximum 63% yield of the levulinic acid was obtained with 98% glucose conversion at 180 degrees C and 3 h reaction time using [C(4)SO(3)HPhim][Cl] ionic liquid catalyst. The effect of different reaction conditions such as reaction time, temperature, ionic liquid catalyst structures, catalyst amount, and solvents on the LA yield were investigated. Reusability of [C(4)SO(3)HPhim][Cl] catalyst up to four cycles was observed. This study demonstrates the potential of the 2-phenyl-2-imidazoline-based ionic liquid for the conversion of glucose into the important platform chemical levulinic acid.
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