Application of radiochromic gel dosimetry to commissioning of a megavoltage research linear accelerator for small-field animal irradiation studies

Purpose To develop and implement an efficient and accurate commissioning procedure for small-field static beam animal irradiation studies on an MV research linear accelerator (Linatron-M9) using radiochromic gel dosimetry. Materials The research linear accelerator (Linatron-M9) is a 9 MV linac with a static fixed collimator opening of 5.08 cm diameter. Lead collimators were manually placed to create smaller fields of 2 x 2 cm(2), 1 x 1 cm(2), and 0.5 x 0.5 cm(2). Relative dosimetry measurements were performed, including profiles, percent depth dose (PDD) curves, beam divergence, and relative output factors using various dosimetry tools, including a small volume ionization chamber (A14), GAFCHROMIC (TM) EBT3 film, and Clearview gel dosimeters. The gel dosimeter was used to provide a 3D volumetric reference of the irradiated fields. The Linatron profiles and relative output factors were extracted at a reference depth of 2 cm with the output factor measured relative to the 2 x 2 cm(2) reference field. Absolute dosimetry was performed using A14 ionization chamber measurements, which were verified using a national standards laboratory remote dosimetry service. Results Absolute dosimetry measurements were confirmed within 1.4% (k = 2, 95% confidence = 5%). The relative output factor of the small fields measured with films and gels agreed with a maximum relative percent error difference between the two methods of 1.1 % for the 1 x 1 cm(2) field and 4.3 % for the 0.5 x 0.5 cm(2) field. These relative errors were primarily due to the variability in the collimator positioning. The measured beam profiles demonstrated excellent agreement for beam size (measured as FWHM), within approximately 0.8 mm (or less). Film measurements were more accurate in the penumbra region due to the film's finer resolution compared with the gel dosimeter. Following the van Dyk criteria, the PDD values of the film and gel measurements agree within 11% in the buildup region starting from 0.5 cm depth and within 2.6 % beyond maximum dose and into the fall-off region for depths up to 5 cm. The 2D beam profile isodose lines agree within 0.5 mm in all regions for the 0.5 x 0.5 cm(2) and the 1 x 1 cm(2) fields and within 1 mm for the larger field of 2 x 2 cm(2). The 2D PDD curves agree within approximately 2% of the maximum in the typical therapy region (1-4 cm) for the 1 x 1 cm(2) and 2 x 2 cm(2) and within 5% for the 0.5 x 0.5 cm(2) field. Conclusion This work provides a commissioning process to measure the beam characteristics of a fixed beam MV accelerator with detailed dosimetric evaluation for its implementation in megavoltage small animal irradiation studies. Radiochromic gel dosimeters are efficient small-field relative dosimetry tools providing 3D dose measurements allowing for full representation of dose, dosimeter misalignment corrections and high reproducibility with low inter-dosimeter variability. Overall, radiochromic gels are valuable for fast, full relative dosimetry commissioning in comparison to films for application in high-energy small-field animal irradiation studies.

Automated summary

The study developed and implemented an efficient and accurate commissioning procedure for small-field static beam animal irradiation studies using radiochromic gel dosimetry on an MV research linear accelerator. Various dosimetry tools were used to perform relative dosimetry measurements, resulting in confirmation of absolute dosimetry within 1.4% and agreement of the relative output factor measurements with a maximum difference of 4.3%. Radiochromic gel dosimeters were found to be efficient for full relative dosimetry commissioning in high-energy small-field animal irradiation studies.