[8+2] vs [4+2] Cycloadditions of Cyclohexadienamines to Tropone and Heptafulvenes-Mechanisms and Selectivities

The cinchona-alkaloid-catalyzed cycloaddition reactions of 2-cyclohexenone with tropone and various heptafulvenes give [8+2] or [4+2] cycloadducts, depending on the substituents present on the heptafulvene. We report the results of new experiments with heptafulvenes, containing diester and barbiturate substituents, which in combination with computational studies were performed to elucidate the factors controlling [8+2] vs [4+2] cycloaddition pathways, including chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivities of these higher-order cycloadditions. The protonated cinchona alkaloid primary amine catalyst reacts with 2-cyclohexenone to form a linear dienamine intermediate that subsequently undergoes a stepwise [8+2] or [4+2] cycloaddition. Both tropone and the different heptafulvenes initially form [8+2] cycloadducts. The final product is ultimately decided by the reversibility of the [8+2] cycloaddition and the relative thermal stability of the [4+2] products. The stereoisomeric transition states are distinguished by the steric interactions between the protonated catalyst and tropone/heptafulvenes. The [8+2] cycloaddition of barbiturate-heptafulvene afforded products with an unprecedented trans-fusion of the five- and six-membered rings, while the [8+2] cycloadducts obtained from cyanoester-heptafulvene and diester-heptafulvene were formed with a cis-relationship. The mechanism, thermodynamics, and origins of stereoselectivity were explained through DFT calculations using the omega B97X-D density functional.

Automated summary

The study investigates the selectivity of [8+2] and [4+2] cycloadducts in cinchona alkaloid-catalyzed cycloaddition reactions, examining the factors influencing these pathways. It was found that the formation of final products is influenced by the reversibility of the reaction and the thermal stability of the products.