Journal
JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS
Volume 54, Issue 19, Pages -Publisher
IOP Publishing Ltd
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/abddfb
Keywords
NAP– XPS; UTWL; TiO2; Rutile; solid; liquid interface; offset droplet; VerSoX
Categories
Funding
- Henry Royce Institute (EPSRC) [EP/R00661X/1, EP/P025021/1, EP/S004335/1]
- SPECS Surface Nano Analysis GmbH
- EPSRC [EP/P025021/1, 1879317, EP/S004335/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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In-situ analysis of the TiO2/water interface using NAP-XPS technique demonstrates the formation of ultra-thin wetting layers of liquid water on a rutile TiO2 surface and chemical changes at the solid/liquid interface. The study also shows that the formed liquid films are likely to be continuous and ultra-thin.
In-situ analysis of the TiO2/water interface via near ambient pressure-x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is demonstrated in both a lab based system (NAP-cell configuration) and synchrotron endstation (backfill configuration). Ultra-thin wetting layers of liquid water (similar to 10 nm) are formed on a rutile TiO2 surface with minimal contamination present in addition to unique insight during the growth of the liquid films as indicated via NAP-XPS, in-situ sample temperature and background vapour pressure monitoring. Chemical changes at the solid/liquid interface are also demonstrated via healing of Ti3+ surface defect states. Photon depth profiling of the as grown liquid layers indicate that the formed films are ultra-thin (similar to 10 nm) and likely to be continuous in nature. This work demonstrates a novel and flexible approach for studying the solid/liquid interface via NAP-XPS which is readily integrated with any form of NAP-XPS system, thereby making a critical interface of study available to a wide audience of researchers for use in operando electrochemical and photocatalytic research.
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