Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Hospitalization in the United States, 2019-2020

Background. Influenza causes significant morbidity and mortality and stresses hospital resources during periods of increased circulation. We evaluated the effectiveness of the 2019-2020 influenza vaccine against influenza-associated hospitalization in the United States. Methods. We included adults hospitalized with acute respiratory illness at 14 hospitals and tested for influenza viruses by reserve-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was estimated by comparing the odds of current-season influenza vaccination in test-positive influenza cases vs test-negative controls, adjusting for confounders. VE was stratified by age and major circulating influenza types along with A(H1N1)pdm09 genetic subgroups. Results. A total of 3116 participants were included, including 18% (n = 553) influenza-positive cases. Median age was 63 years. Sixty-seven percent (n = 2079) received vaccination. Overall adjusted VE against influenza viruses was 41% (95% confidence interval [CI], 27%-52%). VE against A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses was 40% (95% CI, 24%-53%) and 33% against B viruses (95% CI, 0-56%). Of the 2 major A(H1N1)pdmO9 subgroups (representing 90% of sequenced H1N1 viruses), VE against one group (5A + 187A,189E) was 59% (95% CI, 34%-75%) whereas no VE was observed against the other group (5A + 156K) (-1% [95% CI, -61% to 37%]). Conclusions. In a primarily older population, influenza vaccination was associated with a 41% reduction in risk of hospitalized influenza illness.

Automated summary

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the 2019-2020 influenza vaccine against influenza-associated hospitalization in the United States, showing a 41% reduction in risk of hospitalized influenza illness. Among the two major A(H1N1)pdmO9 subgroups, one subgroup had a vaccine effectiveness of 59%, while no effectiveness was observed in the other subgroup.