Journal
JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 206, Issue 4, Pages 776-784Publisher
AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS
DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000928
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Funding
- Swedish Research Council
- Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Brazil
- Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior, Brazil
- UK Research and Innovation, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [RG94719]
- BBSRC [BB/S001336/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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Despite hindering skin DC migration, VACV can still access the draining lymph nodes to prime CD4(+) T cells. UV-inactivated or modified VACV can promote DC migration to the dLN, suggesting that replication-competent VACV is required to interfere with skin DC mobilization.
There is a paucity of information on dendritic cell (DC) responses to vaccinia virus (VACV), including the traffic of DCs to the draining lymph node (dLN). In this study, using a mouse model of infection, we studied skin DC migration in response to VACV and compared it with the tuberculosis vaccine Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), another live attenuated vaccine administered via the skin. In stark contrast to BCG, skin DCs did not relocate to the dLN in response to VACV. Infection with UV-inactivated VACV or modified VACV Ankara promoted DC movement to the dLN, indicating that interference with skin DC migration requires replication-competent VACV. This suppressive effect of VACV was capable of mitigating responses to a secondary challenge with BCG in the skin, ablating DC migration, reducing BCG transport, and delaying CD4(+) T cell priming in the dLN. Expression of inflammatory mediators associated with BCG-triggered DC migration were absent from virus-injected skin, suggesting that other pathways invoke DC movement in response to replication-deficient VACV. Despite adamant suppression of DC migration, VACV was still detected early in the dLN and primed Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells. In summary, VACV blocks skin DC mobilization from the site of infection while retaining the ability to access the dLN to prime CD4(+) T cells.
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