High-value utilization of graphite electrodes in spent lithium-ion batteries: From 3D waste graphite to 2D graphene oxide

The graphite electrodes of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have a good crystalline composition and layered structure, and the recovery potential is promising. However, the internal and external surfaces of the waste graphite are often polluted with various organic and inorganic impurities, which seriously restrict its high-value utilization. Herein, the microstructure and surface analysis of waste graphite at variable scales were carried out systematically to reveal the types and occurrence status of impurities and their influence on the preparation of graphene oxide (GO) using a modified Hummers method. The results show that the graphite surface contaminants are polyvinylidene fluoride binder, LiPF6 electrolyte and LiF residue from the solid electrolyte interface, while residual lithium (Li2CO3) and CuO were found to have invaded the crystal structure of graphite. Fortunately, the modified Hummers method can effectively remove these complicated associated impurities and prevent their re-contamination on the GO surface. More importantly, the modified Hummers method can not only destroy the longitudinal molecular bonds between graphite layers, but also splice them horizontally to form 2D GO, which is verified by high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) images. This paper provides theoretical support and practical guidance for the high-value utilization of waste graphite in spent LIBs.

Automated summary

Graphite electrodes from spent lithium-ion batteries have good crystalline composition and layered structure, but are often polluted with various impurities, limiting their high-value utilization. A systematic analysis revealed contaminants on the graphite surface and the potential of the modified Hummers method in removing them effectively to prepare graphene oxide. The method not only removes impurities, but also helps in forming 2D graphene oxide for high-value utilization.