Hepatic transcriptomic adaptation from prepartum to postpartum in dairy cows

The transition from pregnancy to lactation is the most challenging period for high-producing dairy cows. The liver plays a key role in biological adaptation during the periparturn. Prior works have demonstrated that hepatic glucose synthesis, cholesterol metabolism, lipogenesis, and inflammatory response are increased or activated during the peripartum in dairy cows; however, those works were limited by a low number of animals used or by the use of microarray technology, or both. To overcome such limitations, an RNA sequencing analysis was performed on liver biopsies from 20 Holstein cows at 7 +/- 5d before (Pre-P) and 16 +/- 2d after calving (Post-P). We found 1,475 upregulated and 1,199 downregulated differently expressed genes (DEG) with a false discovery rate adjusted P-value < 0.01 between Pre-P and Post-P. Bioinformatic analysis revealed an activation of the metabolism, especially lipid, glucose, and amino acid metabolism, with increased importance of the mitochondria and a key role of several signaling pathways, chiefly peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) and adipocytokines signaling. Fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis, with a likely increase in amino acid utilization to produce glucose, were among the most important functions revealed by the transcriptomic adaptation to lactation in the liver. Although gluconeogenesis was induced, data indicated decrease in expression of glucose transporters. The analysis also revealed high activation of cell proliferation but inhibition of xenobiotic metabolism, likely due to the liver response to inflammatory-like conditions. Co-expression network analysis disclosed a tight connection arid coordination among genes driving biological processes associated with protein synthesis, energy and lipid metabolism, and cell proliferation. Our data confirmed the importance of metabolic adaptation to lipid and glucose metabolism in the liver of early Post-P cows, with a pivotal role of PPAR arid adipocytokines.

Automated summary

The transcriptomic analysis of liver in dairy cows transitioning from pregnancy to lactation revealed activation of metabolism, particularly lipid, glucose, and amino acid metabolism, with key roles of PPAR and adipocytokines signaling pathways. Despite an induction of gluconeogenesis, there was a decrease in expression of glucose transporters and inhibition of xenobiotic metabolism, likely due to inflammatory conditions. Coordination among genes related to protein synthesis, energy, lipid metabolism, and cell proliferation was observed.