Correlation of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Antigen and RNA Concentrations in Nasopharyngeal Samples from Children and Adults Using an Ultrasensitive and Quantitative Antigen Assay

Diagnosis of COVID-19 by PCR offers high sensitivity, but the utility of detecting samples with high cycle threshold (C-T) values remains controversial. Currently available rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigens (Ag) have sensitivity well below PCR. The correlation of Ag and RNA quantities in clinical nasopharyngeal (NP) samples is unknown. An ultrasensitive, quantitative electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (the MSD SPLEX SARS-CoV-2 N assay) was used to measure Ag in clinical NP samples from adults and children previously tested by PCR. The S-PLEX Ag assay had a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.16 mu g/ml and a cutoff of 0.32 mu g/ml. Ag concentrations measured in clinical NP samples (collected in 3.0 ml of media) ranged from less than 160 mu g/ml to 2.7 mu g/ml. Log-transformed Ag concentrations correlated tightly with C-T values. In 35 adult and 101 pediatric PCR-positive samples, the sensitivities were 91% (95% confidence interval, 77 to 98%) and 79% (70 to 87%), respectively. In samples with a C-T of <= 35, the sensitivities were 100% (88 to 100%) and 96% (88 to 99%), respectively. In 50 adult and 40 pediatric PCR-negative specimens, the specificities were 100% (93 to 100%) and 98% (87 to 100%), respectively. Nucleocapsid concentrations in clinical NP samples span 8 orders of magnitude and correlate closely with RNA concentrations (C(T )values). The S-PLEX Ag assay showed 96 to 100% sensitivity in samples from children and adults with Cr values of <35, and a specificity of 98 to 100%. These results clarify Ag concentration distributions in clinical samples, providing insight into the performance of Ag RDTs and offering a new approach to diagnosis of COVID-19.

Automated summary

Diagnosis of COVID-19 by PCR is sensitive, but the utility of detecting samples with high C-T values remains controversial. A new ultrasensitive immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid showed high sensitivity in samples with C-T values of <35, providing insight into the performance of Ag RDTs for COVID-19 diagnosis.