Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020636
Keywords
breast cancer; biomarker; diagnosis; prognosis; treatment
Funding
- Ministry of Science and Technology [MOST 106-2314-B-442-001-MY3, MOST 109-2314-B-442-001, MOST 109-2314-B-075B-002]
- National Health Research Institutes [NHRI-109BCCO-MF-202015-01]
- Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Taiwan [SRD-109023, RD107063]
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Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer type in women worldwide and has six molecular subtypes. Early detection and screening are crucial for improving therapeutic outcomes, requiring reliable noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer type and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. Breast cancer is fairly heterogeneous and reveals six molecular subtypes: luminal A, luminal B, HER2+, basal-like subtype (ER-, PR-, and HER2-), normal breast-like, and claudin-low. Breast cancer screening and early diagnosis play critical roles in improving therapeutic outcomes and prognosis. Mammography is currently the main commercially available detection method for breast cancer; however, it has numerous limitations. Therefore, reliable noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are required. Biomarkers used in cancer range from macromolecules, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, to whole cells. Biomarkers for cancer risk, diagnosis, proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and prognosis have been identified in breast cancer. In addition, there is currently a greater demand for personalized or precise treatments; moreover, the identification of novel biomarkers to further the development of new drugs is urgently needed. In this review, we summarize and focus on the recent discoveries of promising macromolecules and cell-based biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer and provide implications for therapeutic strategies.
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