Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020581
Keywords
RNA editing; RNA chemical modifications; cancer; non-coding RNA; microRNA; long non-coding RNA; circular RNA
Funding
- National Institutes of Health (NIH/NCATS) through the NIH Common Fund, Office of Strategic Coordination (OSC) [UH3TR00943-01]
- NCI [1R01 CA182905-01, 1R01CA222007-01A1]
- NIGMS [1R01GM122775-01]
- U54 grant Partnership for Excellence in Cancer Research 2016 Pilot Project [CA096297/CA096300-UPR/MDACC]
- Team DOD grant [CA160445P1]
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Moonshot Flagship project
- Sister Institution Network Fund (SINF) 2017 grant
- Estate of C. G. Johnson, Jr
- CDMRP [CA160445P1, 917395] Funding Source: Federal RePORTER
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The text discusses the dysregulated levels and alterations of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in cancer, as well as the emerging focus on modifications to ncRNAs as a potential part of the tumorigenic process. Understanding this extra regulatory layer is crucial in translating knowledge about ncRNAs and their modifications into clinical practice.
Currently, for seemingly every type of cancer, dysregulated levels of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are reported and non-coding transcripts are expected to be the next class of diagnostic and therapeutic tools in oncology. Recently, alterations to the ncRNAs transcriptome have emerged as a novel hallmark of cancer. Historically, ncRNAs were characterized mainly as regulators and little attention was paid to the mechanisms that regulate them. The role of modifications, which can control the function of ncRNAs post-transcriptionally, only recently began to emerge. Typically, these modifications can be divided into reversible (i.e., chemical modifications: m(5)C, hm(5)C, m(6)A, m(1)A, and pseudouridine) and non-reversible (i.e., editing: ADAR dependent, APOBEC dependent and ADAR/APOBEC independent). The first research papers showed that levels of these modifications are altered in cancer and can be part of the tumorigenic process. Hence, the aim of this review paper is to describe the most common regulatory modifications (editing and chemical modifications) of the traditionally considered non-functional ncRNAs (i.e., microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs) in the context of malignant disease. We consider that only by understanding this extra regulatory layer it is possible to translate the knowledge about ncRNAs and their modifications into clinical practice.
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