Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020820
Keywords
nanomaterial; liposome; safety assessment; nanomedicine; particle size distribution; physicochemical characterization; Limulus Amoebocyte Lisate (LAL); endotoxin; inflammation; interleukin; cytokines
Funding
- European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) within the Consumer Products Safety of the Directorate of Health, Consumers and Reference Materials through the JRC Multiannual Work Programme
- exploratory project PIRAT
- industrial PhD programme Dottorati Innovativi con caratterizzazione industriale [PON_RI 2014/2020]
- H2020 project PANDORA [671881]
- H2020 project ENDONANO [812661]
- PRIN project [20173ZECCM]
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This study provides guidelines for the design and characterization of liposome-based nanomaterials, focusing on their inflammation-inducing potential. Three out of eight different functionalized liposomes passed characterization and bacterial contamination screening, showing varying capacities to activate human blood cells. Accurate characterization and reliable in vitro methods are essential for assessing liposome-induced human inflammatory response.
This study aims to provide guidelines to design and perform a robust and reliable physical-chemical characterization of liposome-based nanomaterials, and to support method development with a specific focus on their inflammation-inducing potential. Out of eight differently functionalized liposomes selected as case-studies, three passed the physical-chemical characterization (in terms of size-distribution, homogeneity and stability) and the screening for bacterial contamination (sterility and apyrogenicity). Although all three were non-cytotoxic when tested in vitro, they showed a different capacity to activate human blood cells. HSPC/CHOL-coated liposomes elicited the production of several inflammation-related cytokines, while DPPC/CHOL- or DSPC/CHOL-functionalized liposomes did not. This work underlines the need for accurate characterization at multiple levels and the use of reliable in vitro methods, in order to obtain a realistic assessment of liposome-induced human inflammatory response, as a fundamental requirement of nanosafety regulations.
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