Effects of porous medium and wavy surface on heat transfer and entropy generation of Cu-water nanofluid natural convection in square cavity containing partially-heated surface

This article analyzes the natural convection of nanofluid within a porous cavity containing a partially-heated vertical wall and wavy lower and upper walls. Numerical simulations are performed to explore the effects of the Rayleigh number (Ra), Darcy number (Da), porosity (epsilon), volume fraction of nanoparticles (phi), amplitude of wavy surface (a(w)), length of partially-heated wall surface (L-H*), and irreversibility distribution ratio (x) on the Bejan number (Be), total entropy generation (S-t), mean Nusselt number (Nu(m)), and energy-flux-vector distribution. The results show that for high values of Da and Ra, circulation regions are developed in the energy-flux-vector distribution and hence convection heat transfer dominates. Consequently, Nu(m) and S-t both increase, while Be reduces as Ra, epsilon and Da increase. For low values of Da and Ra, the effects of Da, Ra and epsilon on Nu(m) and S-t are insignificant, and Be approaches unity since conduction heat transfer dominates. As phi and epsilon m increase, Nu(m) and Be increase, but S-t decreases. Moreover, as L-H* increases, Nu(m) and S-t also increase. For a high value of Ra, S-t increases and Be reduces as chi is increased. Finally, for a low value of Ra, the effect of chi on S-t is insignificant and Be approximate to 1.