Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING
Volume 39, Issue 12, Pages 4249-4261Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TMI.2020.3015379
Keywords
Channel estimation; Antenna arrays; MIMO communication; Matching pursuit algorithms; 5G mobile communication; Array signal processing; Lenses; MR-to-CT synthesis; CycleGAN; deep learning; MIND
Categories
Funding
- NSFC [11971373, 11690011, U1811461, 61721002]
- National Key Research and Development Program [2018AAA0102201]
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Synthesizing a CT image from an available MR image has recently emerged as a key goal in radiotherapy treatment planning for cancer patients. CycleGANs have achieved promising results on unsupervised MR-to-CT image synthesis; however, because they have no direct constraints between input and synthetic images, cycleGANs do not guarantee structural consistency between these two images. This means that anatomical geometry can be shifted in the synthetic CT images, clearly a highly undesirable outcome in the given application. In this paper, we propose a structure-constrained cycleGAN for unsupervised MR-to-CT synthesis by defining an extra structure-consistency loss based on the modality independent neighborhood descriptor. We also utilize a spectral normalization technique to stabilize the training process and a self-attention module to model the long-range spatial dependencies in the synthetic images. Results on unpaired brain and abdomen MR-to-CT image synthesis show that our method produces better synthetic CT images in both accuracy and visual quality as compared to other unsupervised synthesis methods. We also show that an approximate affine pre-registration for unpaired training data can improve synthesis results.
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