Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS
Volume 17, Issue 1, Pages 90-99Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TII.2020.2975289
Keywords
Synchronization; Clocks; Protocols; Delays; Estimation; Wireless sensor networks; Clock skew; industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs); time synchronization; timestamp-free synchronization
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Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [61972061]
- Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China [cstc2019jcyjjqX0012]
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This article proposes an energy-efficient synchronization protocol without exchanging timestamps, and presents a mapping rule for ACK response time. In addition, a timestamp-free clock skew tracking algorithm is developed.
Existing packet-based synchronization approaches take extensive energy for industrial wireless sensor networks due to substantial timing message exchanges. Combined with acknowledgement (ACK), this article proposes an energy-efficient synchronization protocol without exchanging timestamps. Also, a mapping rule of ACK response time is presented for the joint estimation of skew and fixed delay without requiring a following response in each cycle, so that estimation can be implemented in parallel to data transmission. Then, the timestamp-free synchronization technique is extended to the receiver-only synchronization scenario to further reduce communication overhead. Assuming Gaussian variable delays, the maximum likelihood estimators and corresponding lower bounds for slave node and silent node are developed, as well as a low-complexity estimator for silent node. In addition, considering the dynamics of clock, a timestamp-free clock skew tracking algorithm using Kalman filtering is developed. Simulation results validate the efficiency of the proposed estimators.
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