4.7 Article

Characterization of titanium oxide optical band gap produced from leachate sludge treatment with titanium tetrachloride

Journal

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
Volume 28, Issue 14, Pages 17587-17601

Publisher

SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12097-w

Keywords

Flocculation; Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4); Titanium dioxide (TiO2); Leachate; Photocatalytic activity

Funding

  1. Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)
  2. Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) of Malaysia
  3. Ministry of Education of Malaysia (MOE)
  4. USM [304/PBAHAN/6316116]
  5. MOHE [203/PBAHAN/6071364]
  6. MOE [203/PBAHAN/6740065]

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This study investigated the coagulation performance of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) for leachate treatment and preparation of titanium oxide (TiO2) from generated sludge through calcination process. The results showed that TiCl4 and chitosan addition can significantly reduce suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand. The prepared TiO2 exhibited different crystal phases and band gaps at different temperatures.
This study investigated the coagulation performance of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) for leachate treatment and preparation of titanium oxide (TiO2) from generated sludge through calcination process at different temperatures and times. TiCl4 with chitosan as coagulant aid employed to perform coagulation process on Alor Ponhsu Landfill leachate. Further calcination process was done to synthesize TiO2 from produced sludge for photocatalytic applications. The studied factors included pH, TiCl4 dosage, and chitosan dosage. The results indicated that maximum reduction in suspended solids was 92.02% at pH 4, 1200 mg/L TiCl4, and 250 mg/L chitosan addition, and maximum reduction in chemical oxygen demand was 71.92% at experimental condition of 1200 mg/L TiCl4 and 500 mg/L chitosan with pH 10. The maximum and minimum band gaps of prepared TiO2 achieved at 3.35 eV and 2.75 eV, respectively. Morphology and phase analysis of prepared TiO2 characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD spectrums showed the anatase phase at lower calcination temperature and the rutile phase at elevated temperature. The photocatalysis activity of produced TiO2 investigated under UV irradiation and showed almost fast degradation similar to commercial TiO2. The results indicated that TiO2 powder was successfully prepared from generated sludge from TiCl4 coagulation for photocatalytic applications.

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