4.7 Article

250-year records of mercury and trace element deposition in two lakes from Cajas National Park, SW Ecuadorian Andes

Journal

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
Volume 28, Issue 13, Pages 16227-16243

Publisher

SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11437-0

Keywords

Mercury; Trace elements; Heavy metals; Environmental reconstruction; Lake sediments; Paleolimnology; Anthropocene; Andes

Funding

  1. Swiss National Science Foundation [200021_ 152986]
  2. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) [200021_152986] Funding Source: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)

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This study investigated two lakes at different elevations in the Ecuadorian Andes and found that trace element fluxes are related to geology, erosion in the watersheds, and local point sources and atmospheric loads. The differences in fluxes between the two lakes were significant, with Lake Llaviucu being more heavily influenced by the city of Cuenca.
Historical records of trace elements in lake sediments provide source-to-sink information about potentially toxic pollutants across space and time. We investigated two lakes located at different elevations in the Ecuadorian Andes to understand how trace element fluxes are related to (i) geology, (ii) erosion in the watersheds, and (iii) local point sources and atmospheric loads. In remote Lake Fondococha (4150 m a.s.l.), total Hg fluxes stay constant between ca. 1760 and 1950 and show an approximately 4.4-fold increase between pre-1950 and post-1950 values. The post-1950 increase in fluxes of other trace elements (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) is lower (2.1-3.0-fold) than for Hg. Mostly lithogenic sources and enhanced soil erosion contribute to their post-1950 increase (lithogenic contribution: > 85%, Hg: similar to 58%). Average post-1950 Hg fluxes are approximately 4.3 times higher in peri-urban Lake Llaviucu (3150 m a.s.l.) than in the remote Lake Fondococha. Post-1950 fluxes of the other trace elements showed larger differences between Lakes Fondococha and Llaviucu (5.2 < 25-29.5-fold increase; Ni < Pb-Cd). The comparison of the post-1950 average trace element fluxes that are derived from point and airborne sources revealed 5-687 (Hg-Pb) times higher values in Lake Llaviucu than in Lake Fondococha suggesting that Lake Llaviucu's proximity to the city of Cuenca strongly influences its deposition record (industrial emissions, traffic, caged fishery). Both lakes responded with temporary drops in trace element accumulations to park regulations in the 1970s and 1990s, but show again increasing trends in recent times, most likely caused by increase in vehicular traffic and openings of copper and gold mines around Cajas National Park.

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