4.7 Article

Colony field test reveals dramatically higher toxicity of a widely-used mito-toxic fungicide on honey bees (Apis mellifera)

Journal

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Volume 269, Issue -, Pages -

Publisher

ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115964

Keywords

Honey bees; Pesticides; Fungicides; Colony health

Funding

  1. United States Department of Agriculture e Agricultural Research Service [2017-68004-26322]

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Research has shown that exposure to a commonly used fungicide, Pristine (R), can negatively impact honey bee individual and colony health, even at the lowest doses, including reducing worker lifespan and colony population size. The study found that under field conditions, the toxicity of Pristine (R) is enhanced, at least partially due to the activation of colonial nutritional responses missed by lab tests.
Honey bees (Apis mellifera) and other pollinator populations are declining worldwide, and the reasons remain controversial. Based on laboratory testing, fungicides have traditionally been considered bee-safe. However, there have been no experimental tests of the effects of fungicides on colony health under field conditions, and limited correlational data suggests there may be negative impacts on bees at levels experienced in the field. We tested the effects of one of the most commonly used fungicides on colony health by feeding honey bee colonies pollen containing Pristine (R) (active ingredients: 25.2% boscalid, 12.8% pyraclostrobin) at four levels that bracketed concentrations we measured for pollen collected by bees in almond orchards. We also developed a method for calculating per-bee and per-larva dose. Pristine (R) consumption significantly and dose-dependently reduced worker lifespan and colony population size, with negative health effects observed even at the lowest doses. The lowest concentration we tested caused a 15% reduction in the worker population at an estimated dosage that was three orders of magnitude below the estimated LD15 values for previous acute laboratory studies. The enhanced toxicity under field conditions is at least partially due to activation of colonial nutritional responses missed by lab tests. Pristine (R) causes colonies to respond to perceived protein malnutrition by increasing colony pollen collection. Additionally, Pristine (R) induces much earlier transitioning to foraging in individual workers, which could be the cause of shortened lifespans. These findings demonstrate that Pristine (R) can negatively impact honey bee individual and colony health at concentrations relevant to what they experience from pollination behavior under current agricultural conditions. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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