D-Piper, a modified piper diagram to represent big sets of hydrochemical analyses

The Piper diagram is the most widely used chart in groundwater hydrochemical studies to represent the chemical facies of a set of water samples. So far, most modifications of the original Piper diagram over time show a common problem: the Piper chart is not suitable for representing big data sets. When there are more than 40 or 50 analyses, the symbols overlap, and the data distribution becomes obscured. To overcome this limitation the D -Piper diagram displays the spatial point density instead of individual points. With this modification, both visualization and interpretation improve as the number of points increases. Besides, several representation methods to account for distributional characteristics of the data allow the user to unravel hidden hydrochemical structures. The D-Piper diagram outperforms other point density-based solutions, particularly in the represen-tation of low-density areas. Furthermore, the D-Piper implementation is coded in Python, and it is freely available.

Automated summary

The Piper diagram is commonly used in groundwater hydrochemical studies, but faces limitations in representing large datasets. To address this issue, the D-Piper diagram displays spatial point density instead of individual points, improving visualization and interpretation as data points increase. Furthermore, various representation methods help users uncover hidden hydrochemical structures accurately.