Molecular and functional characterization of liver X receptor in ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis: Regulator of inflammation and efferocytosis

Liver X receptors (LXR) are modulators of metabolic processes and inflammation in mammals as nuclear receptors. However, the precise function of LXR in teleosts remains unclear. Here, we characterized a LXR gene (PaLXR) from ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis. The PaLXR transcript was expressed widely in all tissues studied, and changes in expression were observed in tissues and monocytes/macrophages (MO/M Phi) upon infection with the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri. PaLXR activation decreased the mRNA expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL-10 upon E. ictaluri infection, while their expression was increased following the knockdown of PaLXR by siRNA. Moreover, E. ictaluri infection induced the apoptosis of ayu neutrophils and PaLXR activation enhanced the internalization of E. ictaluri-infected apoptotic neutrophils by MO/M Phi (efferocytosis), while PaLXR knockdown led to decreased efferocytosis. Furthermore, PaLXR activation inhibited intracellular bacterial survival during efferocytosis, while PaLXR knockdown enhanced survival. In conclusion, our results indicate that PaLXR plays a role in the modulation of innate immune responses in ayu MO/M Phi. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.