Journal
CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION
Volume 62, Issue 11, Pages 3042-3062Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1862753
Keywords
Calcidiol; calcitriol; absorption; metabolism; immunonutrient; VDR
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Funding
- grant PRO-SNI 2017-2020 from the Programa de Apoyo a la Mejora en las Condiciones de Produccion de los Miembros del SNI y SNCA 2017-2020 of the University of Guadalajara
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Vitamin D can be obtained from various sources and plays a critical role in immune regulation through both genomic and non-genomic mechanisms.
Vitamin D can be obtained from the endogenous synthesis in the epidermis by exposure to UVB light, and from foods and supplements in the form of ergocalciferol (vitamin D-2) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D-3). The main metabolite used to measure vitamin D serum status is calcidiol [25(OH)D]. However, its active metabolite calcitriol [1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D] performs pleiotropic effects in the cardiovascular, neurological, and adipose tissue as well as immune cells. Calcitriol exerts its effects through genomic mechanisms modulated by the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) complex, to bind to vitamin D response elements (VDRE) in target genes of several cells such as activated T and B lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells; besides of its genomic mechanisms, VDR performs novel non-genomic mechanisms that involve its membrane expression and soluble form; highlighting that vitamin D could be an immunomodulatory nutrient that plays a key role during physiological and pathological events. Therefore, the aim of this comprehensive literature review was to describe the most relevant findings of vitamin D dietary sources, absorption, synthesis, metabolism, and factors that influence its serum status, signaling pathways, and biological effects of this immunonutrient in the health and disease.
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