Expected ocean warming conditions significantly alter the transcriptome of developing postlarval American lobsters (Homarus americanus): Implications for energetic trade-offs

The American lobster (Homarus americanus) is one of the most iconic and economically valuable fishery species in the Northwestern Atlantic. Surface ocean temperatures are rapidly increasing across much of the species' range, raising concern about resiliency in the face of environmental change. Warmer temperatures accelerate rates of larval development and enhance survival to the postlarval stage, but the potential costs at the molecular level have rarely been addressed. We explored how exposure to current summer temperatures (16 degrees C) or tem-perature regimes mimicking projected moderate or extreme warming scenarios (18 degrees C and 22 degrees C, respectively) for the Gulf of Maine during development influences the postlarval lobster transcriptome. After de novo assembling the transcriptome, we identified 2542 differentially expressed (DE; adjusted p < 0.05) transcripts in postlarvae exposed to 16 degrees C vs. 22 degrees C, and 422 DE transcripts in postlarvae reared at 16 degrees C vs. 18 degrees C. Lobsters reared at 16 degrees C significantly over-expressed transcripts related to cuticle formation and the immune response up to 14.4and 8.5-fold respectively, relative to those reared at both 18 degrees C and 22 degrees C. In contrast, the expression of transcripts affiliated with metabolism increased up to 7.1-fold as treatment temperature increased. These results suggest that lobsters exposed to projected warming scenarios during development experience a shift in the transcriptome that reflects a potential trade-off between maintaining immune defenses and sustaining increased physiological rates under a warming environment. This could have major implications for post-settlement survival through increased risk of mortality due to disease and/or starvation if energetic demands cannot be met.