Journal
CLINICAL JOURNAL OF PAIN
Volume 37, Issue 3, Pages 237-248Publisher
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000914
Keywords
shoulder pain; pain sensitization; prevalence; quantitative sensory testing; pain thresholds; meta-analysis
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Pain sensitization is common in patients with shoulder pain and may lead to poorer treatment outcomes. While there was no difference in pressure pain threshold and central pain modulation between patients with shoulder pain and asymptomatic controls, a significant increase was documented in suprathreshold heat pain response.
Background: Pain sensitization, defined as an increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons to normal input, is detected in several musculoskeletal diseases, but there are no systematic reviews or meta-analyses about pain sensitization in shoulder pain. Objectives: The aim of the study was to document pain sensitization rate and its impact in patients with shoulder pain. Materials and Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched on January 8, 2020. Level I-IV studies, evaluating pain sensitization in musculoskeletal shoulder disorders through validated methods (questionnaires/algometry) were included. The primary outcome was pain sensitization rate. Secondary outcomes were the pain sensitivity level measured as pressure pain threshold, temporal summation, conditioned pain modulation, and suprathreshold heat pain response. Associated demographic and psychosocial factors were evaluated. Results: The rate of abnormal pressure pain threshold in patients with shoulder pain varied from 29% to 77%. Questionnaires detected pain sensitization in 11% to 24% of patients. This meta-analysis showed no difference in pressure pain threshold and central pain modulation but documented a significant difference in terms of suprathreshold heat pain response, indicating a hypersensitivity state in patients with shoulder pain versus asymptomatic controls. The only factor that was constantly found to correlate with higher sensitivity was a lower postoperative outcome. Discussion: Pain sensitization has a high rate among patients with musculoskeletal shoulder pain, regardless of the specific etiology, and this may lead to worse clinical outcome after treatment of the primary disease. The best way to assess pain sensitization still needs to be identified as the assessment methods results in used high variability in the documented pain sensitization rate.
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