Simple determination of six groups of lipophilic marine algal toxins in seawater by automated on-line solid phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Lipophilic marine algal toxins (LMATs) are highly toxic secondary metabolites produced by marine microalgae that pose a great threat to marine aquaculture organisms and human health. In this study, a novel and automated method for the simultaneous determination of six groups of LMATs in seawater was developed by on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Condition optimization and method validation were performed, and the recoveries of all 14 target LMATs featuring different properties ranged from 83.5% to 96.0%. The limits of detection of most target compounds were within <= 3.000 ng/L with good precision (relative standard deviation <= 12.1%) and linearity (R-2 >= 0.9916). Compared with off-line SPE methods, the proposed on-line SPE method has better recovery, sensitivity, repeatability, and throughput; in addition, the volume of seawater sample necessary to conduct determinations is greatly reduced in the present method. Finally, the method was applied to determine LMATs in actual seawater samples collected from the Bohai and South Yellow Seas of China in summer, and okadaic acid and pectenotoxin-2 were detected in all seawater samples. The highest concentration of Sigma LMATs (22.23 ng/L) occurred in the coastal mariculture area of Shandong Province. Therefore, routine monitoring of LMATs in seawater of the coastal mariculture zone is necessary to prevent shellfish contamination especially in summer, and the proposed on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS method is a powerful way for direct and automatic detection of various LMATs in coastal mariculture area. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

A novel and automated method for simultaneous determination of six groups of LMATs in seawater was developed, showing good recovery, sensitivity, and repeatability. In summer, okadaic acid and pectenotoxin-2 were commonly detected in actual seawater samples, with the highest concentration of Sigma LMATs found in the coastal mariculture area of Shandong Province. Routine monitoring of LMATs in coastal mariculture zones, especially in summer, is necessary to prevent shellfish contamination.