Optimization of Catalysts and Conditions in Gold(I) Catalysis-Counterion and Additive Effects

Gold catalysis has proven to be an important breakthrough for organic synthesis. The tunable nature of gold catalysts, the unique properties of gold, and the mild reaction conditions required in many gold-catalyzed reactions have all contributed substantially to this metal's popularity in catalysis. However, gold-catalyzed reactions still suffer from limitations such as low turnover numbers (TON). Optimization of the catalysts and reaction conditions may significantly improve the efficiency of gold-catalyzed reactions. In this review, we will present leading examples of counterion or additive-regulated gold catalysis from a mechanistic perspective. We will pay special attention to the physical properties of counterion/additive, such as gold affinity and hydrogen bond basicity, and discuss their effects on the reactivity of gold catalysts.

Automated summary

Gold catalysis has been a significant breakthrough in organic synthesis due to its tunable nature, unique properties, and mild reaction conditions. Despite its popularity, gold-catalyzed reactions still face limitations such as low turnover numbers. Optimizing catalysts and reaction conditions may enhance the efficiency of gold-catalyzed reactions. This review focuses on examples of counterion or additive-regulated gold catalysis from a mechanistic perspective, highlighting the impact of physical properties on gold catalyst reactivity.