Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and wind energy: A global estimate

This study demonstrates how seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plants, necessary to meet increasing future global water demand, can be powered solely through renewable energy. Hybrid PV-wind-battery and power-to-gas (PtG) power plants allow for optimal utilisation of the installed desalination capacity, resulting in water production costs competitive with that of existing fossil fuel powered SWRO plants. In this paper, we provide a global estimate of the water production cost for the 2030 desalination demand with renewable electricity generation costs for 2030 for an optimised local system configuration based on an hourly temporal and 0.45 degrees x 0.45 degrees spatial resolution. The SWRO desalination capacity required to meet the 2030 global water demand is estimated to about 2374 million m(3)/day. The levelised cost of water (LCOW), which includes water production, electricity, water transportation and water storage costs, for regions of desalination demand in 2030, is found to lie between 0.59 (sic)/m(3)-2.81 (sic)/m(3), depending on renewable resource availability and cost of water transport to demand sites. The global system required to meet the 2030 global water demand is estimated to cost 9790 billion of initial investments. It is possible to overcome the water supply limitations in a sustainable and financially competitive way. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.