The gut microbiome-bile acid axis in hepatocarcinogenesis

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and is a leading cause of cancerrelated deaths globally, with few effective therapeutic options. Bile acids (BAs) are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and can be modulated by farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G-protein coupled BA receptor 1 (GPBAR1/TGR5). Alterations in BAs can affect hepatic metabolic homeostasis and contribute to the pathogenesis of liver cancer. Increasing evidence points to the key role of bacterial microbiota in the promotion and development of liver cancer. They are also involved in the regulation of BA synthesis and metabolism. The purpose of this review is to integrate related articles involving gut microbiota, BAs and HCC, and review how the gut microbiota-BA signaling axis can possibly influence the development of HCC.

Automated summary

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary liver malignancy with limited therapeutic options. Alterations in bile acids can affect hepatic metabolic balance and contribute to the pathogenesis of liver cancer. The gut microbiota plays a key role in promoting and developing liver cancer.