Following tyrothricin peptide production by Brevibacillus parabrevis with electrospray mass spectrometry

The tyrocidines and analogues are cationic cyclodecapeptides [cyclo (D-Phe(1)-L-Pro(2)-L-(Phe(3)/Trp(3))-D(Phe(4)/Trp(4))-L-Asn(5)-L-Gln(6)-L-(Tyr(7)/Phe(7)/Trp(7))-L-Val(8)-L-(Orn(9)/Lys(9))-L-Leu(10)], produced together with the neutral linear pentadecapeptide gramicidins, in the antibiotic tyrothricin complex by Brevibacillus parabrevis. Despite discovery 80 years ago, it was still uncertain whether these peptides are secreted or sequestered intracellularly. We resolved this by utilising high resolution electrospray mass spectrometry to confirm the predominantly intracellular sequestration of the peptides in the tyrothricin complex. A peptidomics approach allowed us to map the intracellular production of 16 cyclodecapeptides and 6 gramicidins over 16 days of culturing. Gramicidin production remained relatively constant, with Valgramicidin A the predominant analogue produced throughout the 16 day fermentation period. The tyrothricin cyclodecapeptides have four variable positions and there was a culturing time related shift from the Phe-rich A analogues, containing a L-Phe(3)- D-Phe(4) aromatic dipeptide unit, to the Trp-rich C analogues with L-Trp(3)-D-Trp(4). For the other variable aromatic residue position, Tyr(7) was preferentially incorporated above Trp(7), with a minor incorporation of Phe(7) over the whole culturing period. For the variable basic amino acid residue, there was time-sensitive shift from Orn(9) to Lys(9) incorporation. Modulation of the cyclodecapeptide profile over time does not correlate with the reported nonribosomal peptide synthetase affinity, specifically for Trp in the variable aromatic residue positions, indicating additional supply-demand control in the cyclodecapeptides production by B. parabrevis. These novel observations are not only of importance for production and purification of selected peptide analogues from the tyrothricin complex, but also for insight into microbial control of non-ribosomal peptide production that extends beyond the peptide synthetase machinery. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.