Absentee owners and overlapping home ranges in a territorial species

Understanding animals' use of space can shed valuable light on multiple other aspects of behavioral ecology, including social organization, dispersal, and foraging efficiency. Home ranges, territories, core areas, and home range overlaps have been widely studied, but unless animals are directly observed or are tracked remotely on a fine temporal scale, how they actually use the space available to them and how they share (or partition) this space with a community of conspecifics over time cannot be fully understood. Using GPS technology, we tracked three adjacent groups of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) in Laikipia, Kenya, for 1 year to better understand the processes involved in territoriality and home range overlaps. Home ranges overlapped with any one neighboring group by 12.7-34.7%, but intergroup encounters only occurred in restricted areas within these zones, which defined territorial boundaries. The resources closest to the territorial boundaries were nocturnal core areas with preferred sleeping sites adjacent to short-grass areas offering fewer hiding places for ambush predators and greater visibility for predator detection. Home range overlaps were not neutral zones, the result of shifting home range boundaries over time, or based on intergroup encounters at boundaries, but resulted when groups made incursions beyond their territorial boundaries while the neighbor was far away and likely unaware of the intruders. Thus, territories can be non-exclusive but may still be perceived by the animals themselves as sole-owned, as neighbors only intrude when territory owners are absent from that area. Significance statement How animals use their space is a perennial focus in behavioral ecology because space use influences nearly everything else in animals' lives. While tracking has long been used to investigate space use, particularly for nocturnal animals, only direct observation or tracking on a fine scale can reveal the processes involved in the creation or maintenance of home ranges and territories and that cause home range overlaps to persist. We remotely tracked three adjacent groups of vervet monkeys on a fine temporal scale for 1 year. Despite behaving territorially, vervet home ranges overlapped well beyond territorial boundaries because neighbors were absentee owners, unable to prevent incursions when they were not nearby. Our findings suggest that exclusivity of use in the definition of territoriality may be too strict; animals may behave as if they are exclusive owners even if neighbors' use of space does not reflect it.

Automated summary

Understanding animals' use of space is crucial in behavioral ecology, as it influences many aspects of their lives. This study tracked vervet monkeys in Kenya and found that home range overlaps were not neutral zones, but resulted from groups making incursions when neighbors were absent. This challenges the traditional definition of territoriality and exclusivity in animal behavior.