A no-drift runaway pile-up of pebbles in protoplanetary disks in which midplane turbulence increases with radius

Context. A notable challenge of planet formation is to find a path to directly form planetesimals from small particles.Aims. We aim to understand how drifting pebbles pile up in a protoplanetary disk with a nonuniform turbulence structure.Methods. We consider a disk structure in which the midplane turbulence viscosity increases with the radius in protoplanetary disks, such as in the outer region of a dead zone. We perform 1D diffusion-advection simulations of pebbles that include back-reaction (the inertia) to the radial drift and the vertical and radial diffusions of pebbles for a given pebble-to-gas mass flux.Results. We report a new mechanism, the no-drift runaway pile-up, that leads to a runaway accumulation of pebbles in disks, thus favoring the formation of planetesimals by streaming and/or gravitational instabilities. This occurs when pebbles drifting in from the outer disk and entering a dead zone experience a decrease in vertical turbulence. The scale height of the pebble subdisk then decreases, and, for small enough values of the turbulence in the dead zone and high values of the pebble-to-gas flux ratio, the back-reaction of pebbles on gas leads to a significant decrease in their drift velocity and thus their progressive accumulation. This occurs when the ratio of the flux of pebbles to that of the gas is large enough that the effect dominates over any Kelvin-Helmholtz shear instability. This process is independent of the existence of a pressure bump.

Automated summary

The study explores a new mechanism called the no-drift runaway pile-up, where drifting pebbles entering a dead zone experience a decrease in vertical turbulence, leading to their accumulation and potentially forming planetesimals through streaming or gravitational instabilities.