Journal
ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH
Volume 187, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105021
Keywords
Antimicrobial peptide; Cathelicidin; Enterovirus 71; Interferon-beta; Interlukin-6
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [31870868, 31900679]
- Key Research AMP
- Development Plan in Social Development of Jiangsu Province, China [BE2020652]
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation [2018M640521, 2020T130090ZX]
- Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China
- Suzhou Science and Technology Development Plan, China [sys2018017]
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LL-37 and CRAMP exhibit antiviral potential against non-enveloped Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection by regulating antiviral immune response and inhibiting viral binding, providing promising candidates for peptide drug development against EV71.
Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides (human LL-37 and mouse CRAMP) are mainly virucidal to enveloped virus. However, the effects and relative mechanisms of LL-37 and CRAMP on non-enveloped virus are elusive. We herein found that CRAMP expression was significantly up-regulated post non-enveloped Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection in different tissues of newborn ICR mice, while EV71 replication gradually declined post CRAMP up-regulation, indicating the antiviral potential of cathelicidin against EV71. In vitro antiviral assay showed that LL-37 and CRAMP markedly reduced cytopathic effects (CPE), intracellular viral RNA copy numbers, viral VP1 protein levels, and extracellular virons in U251 cells post EV71 infection, indicating that LL-37 and CRAMP significantly inhibited EV71 replication. Mechanism of action assay showed that LL-37 and CRAMP were not virucidal to EV71, but markedly regulated antiviral immune response in U251 cells. Co-incubation of LL-37 or CRAMP with U251 cells markedly increased the basal interferon-beta (IFN-beta) expression and interferon regulatory transcription factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation, modestly enhanced IFN-beta production and IRF3 phosphorylation upon EV71 infection, and significantly reduced interleukin-6 (IL-6) production and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation post EV71 infection. Additionally, LL-37 and CRAMP directly inhibited viral binding to U251 cells. Collectively, LL-37 and CRAMP markedly inhibited EV71 replication via regulating antiviral response and inhibiting viral binding, providing potent candidates for peptide drug development against EV71 infection.
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