4.8 Article

Deeply Cycled Sodium Metal Anodes at Low Temperature and in Lean Electrolyte Conditions

Journal

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
Volume 60, Issue 11, Pages 5978-5983

Publisher

WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014241

Keywords

ionic liquids; lean electrolytes; low temperature; sodium metal anodes; ultrahigh capacity

Funding

  1. Early Career Faculty grant [80NSSC18K1514]
  2. NASA's Space Technology Research Grants Program
  3. Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College

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A composite electrolyte consisting of ether and ionic liquid was proposed to address dendrite growth of metallic sodium anode at low temperatures, enabling stable cycling with high reversible capacity. This electrolyte also demonstrated high capacity retention for full cells and sodium-carbon dioxide batteries at various temperatures.
Enabling high-performing alkali metal anodes at low temperature and in lean electrolyte conditions is critical for the advancement of next-generation batteries with high energy density and improved safety. We present an ether-ionic liquid composite electrolyte to tackle the problem of dendrite growth of metallic sodium anode at low temperatures ranging from 0 to -40 degrees C. This composite electrolyte enables a stable sodium metal anode to be deeply cycled at 2 mA cm(-2) with an ultrahigh reversible capacity of 50 mAh cm(-2) for 500 hours at -20 degrees C in lean electrolyte (1.0 mu L mAh(-1)) conditions. Using the composite electrolyte, full cells with Na3V2(PO4)(3) as cathode and sodium metal as anode present a high capacity retention of 90.7 % after 1,000 cycles at 2C at -20 degrees C. The sodium-carbon dioxide batteries also exhibit a reversible capacity of 1,000 mAh g(-1) over 50 cycles across a range of temperatures from -20 to 25 degrees C.

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