Journal
ACS NANO
Volume 14, Issue 12, Pages 16743-16754Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04570
Keywords
nanocellulose; elementary microfibrils; polydispersity; small-/wide-angle X-ray scattering; biosynthesis
Categories
Funding
- DMR Polymer Program of the National Science Foundation [DMR-1808690]
- Alf de Ruvo Foundation (SCA)
- Hans Werthen Foundation (IVA)
- National Institute of Health, National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) [P41 GM111244]
- DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research [KP1605010]
- NIH [S10 OD012331]
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences Program [DE-SC0012704]
- U.S. DOE Office of Science Facility, at Brookhaven National Laboratory [DE-SC0012704]
- European Union [761000]
- H2020 Societal Challenges Programme [761000] Funding Source: H2020 Societal Challenges Programme
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Bio-based nanocellulose has been shown to possess impressive mechanical properties and simplicity for chemical modifications. The chemical properties are largely influenced by the surface area and functionality of the nanoscale materials. However, finding the typical cross-sections of nanocellulose, such as cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), has been a long-standing puzzle, where subtle changes in extraction methods seem to yield different shapes and dimensions. Here, we extracted CNFs from wood with two different oxidation methods and variations in degree of oxidation and high-pressure homogenization. The cross-sections of CNFs were characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering and wide-angle X-ray diffraction in dispersed and freeze-dried states, respectively, where the results were analyzed by assuming that the cross-sectional distribution was quantized with an 18-chain elementary microfibril, the building block of the cell wall. We find that the results agree well with a pseudosquare unit having a size of about 2.4 nm regardless of sample, while the aggregate level strongly depends on the extraction conditions. Furthermore, we find that aggregates have a preferred cohesion of phase boundaries parallel to the (110)-plane of the cellulose fibril, leading to a ribbon shape on average.
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