2D and 3D printing for graphene based supercapacitors and batteries: A review

Due to the ongoing revolution of energy production and use as well as the increasing proliferation of electronic devices, improvements of fabrication methods and materials for electrochemical energy storage devices (EESDs), such as batteries and supercapacitors, have sparked massive research interest. Recently, printing technologies have emerged as promising fabrication methods for EESDs, while newly developed printing materials have enabled a dramatic improvement of printed electrodes due to lower cost, more facile preparation, and enhanced electrochemical and mechanical properties. This review provides an overview of printing technologies for EESD fabrication and focuses primarily on graphene-based materials. We cover inkjet, aerosol-jet, screen, roll-to-roll and 3D printing methods, survey the recent literature, present illustrative examples of technical applications of printing technologies for energy storage, and describe, in detail, prepared ink formulations, printing procedures, and electrochemical performances. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.