Nanomaterials for the treatment and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: An overview

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder associated with dementia. To overcome the limitations of diagnosis and treatment nanotechnology research is bringing more needed and optimum clinical results. The use of nanocarriers for delivering bio-actives to treat neurodegenerative diseases has shown many benefits over common therapies such as the possibility of loading various payloads, controllable delivery, and amenability to surface modification with target ligands that can promote the crossing of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for efficient distribution of bioactive into the brain. This review spotlights the applications of nanocarriers such as magnetic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, polymeric nanocapsules, multifunctional nanoliposomes, and nanoemulsions in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The production of biosensors for the identification of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers has made considerable progress due to advances in nanoscience. The special properties of nanomaterials (such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, silver, gold, magnetic nanoparticles, polymers, and quantum dots) can improve the optical and electrochemical behavior of transducers. Therefore, electrochemical and optical biosensors with better sensitivity, selectivity, and prolonged stability desired. After all, the methods that focused on the identification of multiple analytes should be strengthened to reduce misdiagnosis.